Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) that specifically binds monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and potentiates their natural killer activity against tumors and pathogens.

Palmitoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia which is an inborn error of metabolism.

N-Acetylmannosamine is a monosaccharide that is used as a precursor in the chemical or enzymatic synthesis of the neuraminic acids found in glycolipids and glycoproteins.